Eric Sanchis

Proceedings of the 26th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics: WMSCI 2022, Vol. I, pp. 1-5 (2022); https://doi.org/10.54808/WMSCI2022.01.1

Eric Sanchis
IUT Rodez, University of Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse, France

Cite this paper as:
Sanchis, E. (2022). Second-Order Complex Systems. In N. Callaos, N. Lace, B. Sánchez, M. Savoie (Eds.), Proceedings of the 26th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics: WMSCI 2022, Vol. I, pp. 1-5. International Institute of Informatics and Cybernetics. https://doi.org/10.54808/WMSCI2022.01.1

An implicit assumption generally made about complex systems is that they all consist of a very large number of interacting concrete elements leading to emergent behaviour whose nature and dynamics must be elucidated. Another category of complex systems consisting of few elements is presented but for which the boundaries are blurred and their interactions partially unknown: these complex systems with vague content are called second-order complex systems. Examples of vague complex systems are mental properties with uncertain content and existence, such as the concept of free will. The general methods and tools used in the study of classical complex systems are then no longer suitable and new specific instruments have to be developed. A method suitable for the study of a class of mental concepts called qualities is presented and applied to the property of free will.